Science: Krakatoa Volcano

 Krakatoa

Where is it? 

• Rakata Island, Indonesia

When did it last erupt?

• 2020, started in 1883

Damage it has done?

• Krakatoa has done a lot of damage to the places and people around it. 

• In 1833 Krakatoa first erupted. Ash fell on Singapore, Cocos Island, and ships as far as 6067 km west-northwest. Darkness covered the Sunda Straits from 11 a.m on the 27th until the next day. At least 36,417 people were killed, most people died from giant sea waves, and coastal villages were destroyed. When the eruption ended, only ⅓ of Krakatau remained above sea level and new islands formed from the magma spewing out of the volcano

• It had destroyed and formed lands while also causing havoc for residents and other countries.

How and when was it formed?

• Since Krakatoa lies along the Indian-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates its how it was formed. Because the two tectonic plates are dangerous at risk of high volcanic and seismic activity it's pretty common that one was made. It supposedly started/formed in 400 BC. 

Interesting random facts?

• the first eruption lasted one minute and 12 seconds 

• The 1883 eruption was the loudest sounds ever reported in the history

•  Records held that 165 villages and towns surrounding Kratatoa were destroyed and 132 more were seriously damaged 

• Karatoa had killed 30.000+ people

• in August 1883 was one of the most deadly  colacine eruptions in modern history, it is estimated that more than 36.00 people died. the eruption aslp affected the climate and caused temperature to drop over the world.

• Karatoa belongs to the ring of fire 

• 
  

Pictures + Videos

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGcbNn4Vk1w

Today we finally made our volcanoes erupt

How we made it to erupt: 

15ml of warm water

25ml of hydrogen peroxide

2 spatulas of potassium iodine into the warm water and stir.

Hydrogen peroxide food coloring and soap into the bottle that sits inside the volcano.

Warm water and potassium iodine is then added with the Hydrogen peroxide and soap which is how elephant toothpaste is made. 

Here's our video we got of our volcano erupting.

We do have a video of the eruption but we are still waiting for it to send. Technical difficulties. 

Marshmallow Catapult Shooter:

 Aim- To make a marshmallow shooter and work out what forces are acting on it.

Equipment: 

• paper cup
• Scissors
• Balloon
• Marshmallow

Method:

Cut the bottom of the cup

Cut off the neck of the balloon

Stretch the open end of the balloon over the bottom of the cup.

Place marshmallow in the cup

Pull balloon back to the marshmallow

Discussion:

When the marshmallow was in the cup all the forces (Thrust,Friction,Gravity and Support) were even as it wasn't moving. Once we started to to add force to it friction was made for example we used the forced drag when pulling back the end of the balloon where the marshmallow was inside. Once we let go of the balloon and the marshmallow thrust and friction where made to make the marshmallow fly far distances. The force gravity and support where also used in this experiment because help drag the marshmallow to help slowing fall and drop to the ground. 

Conclusion:

I felt like this little experiment was really fun and worked pretty well although next time I would probably use the top of the balloon instead of the top. But apart from that mine worked pretty well but the problem was I lost most of my marshmallows.  

 

Metals and Oxygen:

Metals and Oxygen:

Aim: To make a metal oxide and observe the difference in properties of the product compared to the reactants.

Equipment: A piece of magnesium, busen burner, safety glasses, metal scissor tongs.

Method: 

1. light your Bunsen burner.

2. hold your piece of magnesium in the scissor tongs. Ensure you are holding onto the very tip of the magnesium.

3. Place the other end of the magnesium into the Bunsen flame (At the top of the blue flame.

4. When the magnesium begins to burn,do not look directly at it, as the light emitted can permanently damage your eyes.

Observation: Once we put the metal on fire it made a bright light because of the reaction of oxygen hitting the magnesium.

Discussion: We basically put magnesium into the blue flame, once we saw it was on fire we took it out of the flame and with the reaction of oxygen that hit onto the magnesium it make a bright white light. That was way to bright for anyone to actually look at, we did this many times just because it looks really cool.

Conclusion: Basically we saw the reaction magnesium had when oxygen hit it once being on fire. 

Metals and Acids:

Metals and Acids:

Aim: To show that hydrogen gas is produced when a metal reacts with acid.

Equipment: A test tube, a boiling, Bunsen burner,wooden splint,a bottle of acid,a piece of metal, safety glasses.

Method:
1. Light you Bunsen burner
2. Add you sample of metal to your test tube. Add 2ml of acid.
3. Carefully invert the boiling tube above the test tube containing the metal and acid (as shown in the diagram below).
4. Hold the test tubes together for a few minutes, allowing time for the inverted boiling tube to fill with glass
5. When you think the tube is full, your lab partner should light a wooden splint.
6. Carefully, but quickly, tilt the boiling tube full of gas upwards and insert the burning splint into the mouth of the test tube. 

Result: When gas was formed we quickly put the wooden splint that was on fire into the test tube which mad a loud popping noise.

Discussion: Basically we put Magnesium and Hydrochloric acid in one test tube and put another bigger test tube over it which started to make a gas form. As Magnesium and Hydrocloric acid were mixed together they formed bubbles and started to get hot. When the hydrogen gas was in contact with oxygen it made a big pop noise.

Conclusion: The experiment was really fun I really enjoyed it and loved to see everyone get scared with the popping noise. It would be fun to do this experiment again but next time I would like to put the splint in the test tube.

Science: Making salt

Science: Making salt

Aim: To produce chloride salt by carrying out a neutralisation reaction.

Equipment:                                                                                                 *Not ours*

• Copper Oxide Powder
• Dilute Sulfuric acid, 50mL
• Measuring Cylinder
• Two 100 mL beakers 
• Bunsen burner 
• Tripod 
• Gauze mat
• Funnel
• Filter paper
•  Thermometer
• Spatula
• Evaporating Bunsen
• Stirring rod

Method 

- Add 20mL of sulfuric acid to a 100Ml beaker. Heat the acid until it reaches 70 degrees. Turn off you Bunsen.

- Once heated, use a spatula to add pea sized portions of copper oxide to the beaker. Stir the mixture for 30 seconds 

- Repeat the step ahead until no more dissolves. Allow the beaker to cool.

- Fold the filter paper and place it in the funnel. PLace the filter funnel into the second beaker.

- Make sure the beaker is cool enough to hold at the top. The contents should still be hot.

- Gently swirl the contents of the beaker to mix, and then pour into the filter paper in the funnel. Allow to filter through.

- Rinse the beaker you used to heat the mixture previously, and place it back on top of your tripod filled with 50-60 mL of water

-Place the evaporating basin on top of the beaker and carefully pour some of the solution from the beaker into the evaporating basin.

-Gently heat the beaker until the solution in the evaporating basin had reduced by half. 

- Leave the evaporating basin to cool. Once cool, move the evaporating basin to a warm place where it will not be disturbed and observe over the next few days. Blue copper sulfate crystals should form.

Observation: 

The copper oxide was a black powder once putting it in copper oxide into the sulfuric acid it changed colors into a nice blue.

Result: 

At the end of the experiment it didn't work to well there were only a few crystals around the side and one in the middle. I did this experiment last year and I feel like I did it better than. 

Discussion: 

This experiment was fun but I feel like it would of done better if I took my time. My group kind just rushed it and it didn't turn out to well. Last year I was able to get more crystals and they looked cleaner and better. 

Conclusion:

The experiment was pretty fun we got to see crystals form but I think it would of been better taking our time. Apart from the I love the chemical reaction that happen, Its pretty fascinating to see. Its also a lot of fun to do as well.

Science: Neutralisation

Science: Neutralisation

Aim: To observe a neutralisation reaction.

Equipment:

•  test tube
• test tube rack 
• Sodium Hydroxide
• Hydrochloric Acid
• Universal Indicator solution
• dropper bottle 

Method:

Add approximately 1-2 ml of Solution Hydroxide and place the test tube in the test tube rack. Add 3-5 drops of Universal indicator solution. 

Using a dropper bottle add the Hydrochloric acid. Be careful because adding even a small amount of extra acid can mean you'll miss the neutralisation point.

Result: 

After adding the hydrocloric acid we notice that the solution make it turn green after mixing a little longer it then turned yellow. So that meant we had to add more Hydroxide to make the green we wanted. Once it turned green we were able to get an neutrolise  point.

Discussion: 

We quickly noticed that adding a slight drop changed the colour dramatically. So we had to take our time and do it drop by drop. When we finally got a green colour we didn't think it was the best so we kept putting more drops to get the right colour we were looking for. We wanted to make the solution green because green equal neutralisation. Neutrolisation is basically equivalent to water, it is a mixture of base and acid together which make it green and its technically a nice and calm solution. I wouldn't recommend drinking it, its not completely harmless but it not entirely harmful. 

Conclusion  

At first putting one single drop we realised that its gonna take a little bit of time to get the right green we are looking for. That meant we had to experiment with the chemicals and do it drop by drop. We also had to keep in mind how much of the different chemical drops we put in so nothing will overpower anything. After a while of messing around we were able to finally get the right solution/green we were looking for. 

Model Atom:

Model Atom:

In science we did an experiment/project on making an atom. first we were asked to pick an element from the first 10 on the periodic table I choose Oxygen.

Equipment: 

1 piece of card

30 cm of string 

blue tac

colored beads for protons+ Neutrons.

Method: 

Stick p + n to blue tac

cut out rings from paper 
Draw electrons onto rings
Create a label 
Type strings to back of paper so it can hang.

I choose to do Oxygen,Oxygen's atomic number is 8 so I had to put 8 beads (Protons and Neutrons) on the center than I had to draw the electrons. Which was 2 on the inner ring and 6 on the outer ring. Ions formation would gain two so it makes a full outer layer of electrons and its easier to add 2 then lose 6. 

Cloning

What is the process of cloning:A skin cell containing all 46 chromosomes is taken from a
 male. An egg cell containing only 23 chromosomes is taken from a female donor. The nuclei are removed from both cells. The nucleus from the male cell containing all 46 chromosomes is inserted into the donor's egg cell. The egg cell now contains all the things to make the male clone. The egg cell is surgically inserted into the donor's womb. 9 months later a baby is born that is a perfect genetic clone of the male.

When could cloning be used for good? 

This is just an example but it can be good for extinct animals or even endangered animals. It's good because it can help people and scientist understand and learn about animals that were gone in earlier years. It can also save most of our native animals to not be extinct.

When could cloning be used for bad?

It could be bad because there are still a lot of problems with cloning. Each clone human or animal can still have problems, there are high risks for health problems like lung problems or even other harmful diseases. 

Do you think cloning is a good idea? Why/why no?

Nah, I just feel like there are too many complications that can happen and its too risky.

Science: Smoking

Smoking:


What does smoking do to your body?


A lot of smoker's smoke for the hit of nicotine, which is a chemical that activates in your brain when you inhale smoke. That would be why it is so hard for people to quit because nicotine is so addictive. When you smoke black tar is a subsistence that comes off of cigarettes and sticks inside your mouth. Black tar causes dark shading on your teeth and cavities to form that's why most smokers have no teeth or they look really rotten. When you smoke you blood tends to thicken which can cause risks of blood clots. Blood Clots are when the blood blocks up, it can slowly go to your heart if that happens then you are most likely to die. Smoking can cause eye sight loss and weaker bones. When it reaches your lungs you have a higher risk of infection.






Long Term Effects:


1. increased risk of strokes and infections in lungs.


2. Eye-Sight loss.


3. loss of sense of smell and taste.


4. yellow teeth, tooth decay because of block tar like substance and bad breath.


5. cancer of the nose, lip, tongue and mouth and many more.






Benefits of giving up:


As many people know smoking can be very addicting and hard to live without. That's why there are still a lot of smokers. But what most smokers don't know is there are many benefits with giving up. Many smokers don't realise this but even after an hour of quitting,things in your body already start to get back to normal.One of the benefits that happens literally 20 minutes to an hour after you quit is your heart rate drops and returns to normal. Another thing and most beneficial in my opinion is the decrease of cancer in your lungs,heart and many other places. Another benefit is even after a day the risk of heart attacks decrease. After 2 days you start to get your smell and taste back which is really good since it's a part of our four senses. Another benefit is your lungs slowly get better over time which means past smokers can finally breathe properly and do things without being short of breath. Also after like 2-5 months the hair like structures in your lung get burnt when you smoke so they get to slowly grow back healthy. Their hair like Structures help fight all the yuck mucus not building up so you don't get infections. It's said that after 15 years your heart rate and lungs get back to normal as if you were a non-smoker.






Is vaping any better:


Vaping is better than smoking but vaping is still bad then having nothing. Realistically it's better just to quit completely then vape. Vaping is better in a sense because there are less chemicals that affect you than if you smoked a real cigarette. But it is still really bad because vaping causes cancer and infections way more than if you had a normal cigarette. There were over 68 deaths that have been caused by vaping in the last 6 months. Also over 2,800 people have been hospitalized because of vaping. it may be cool to have a vape or to smoke but its really not good. It can cause you life problems for just trying to act tough and popular.

Heart Attacks:

Heart Attacks:

Whats causes one?

Heart attacks happen when more than one Arteries are blocked. The main causes for Arteries to get blocked up is because Plaque builds up around the arteries walls and slowly closes the whole up. Arteries help oxygen get to the heart if they get blocked then it not so easy to breathe. The main reason for arteries to get blocked up are if you not eating the best, like if you just continuously eat fatty foods that have no nutrition. 

How do you know you're having one?  

The symptoms of having a heart attack are nausea,heartburn,shortness or breathe,Pain in you're arms that slowly spreads to you're neck, Squeezing/aching sensation and Pressure towards you're chest.

How do you prevent a Heart attack?

1. Avoid smoking at all cost

2. Have a healthy diet (eat lest carbs)

3. Control stress.

4. Maintain you're weight.

5. Exercise regularly 

In a heart there is a thick side and a thin side that is because the left side which is the thick side sends blood to the entire body which means its doing more work. When the Right side which is the thin side is just sending blood to just the heart. The fat is a soft red sustenance in the heart that is stored by carbohydrates when Muscles are a hard white sustenance that protects the heart. Valves help blood move through the body to the heart which makes the heart able to pump. The two holes at the top of the heart are the aorta and super vena cava, the vena cava is the main hole on top of the heart. The difference between a a sheep's heart and a pig's heart is the pigs heart is more human like. Human and pig's have the same type of heart. We were meant to dissecting a pig's heart but ended up  dissecting a sheep's heart.